Pontiac’s Rebellion Comes to an End

American Revolution
Written By Tom Hand

In October 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet moved his army west from Fort Pitt to subdue the last of Pontiac’s rebellious allies and reestablish British authority around the Great Lakes. Bouquet led his 1,500-man force through a dense wilderness that no European army had ever penetrated. Dismayed at the size of Bouquet’s force, the Shawnee hastily pleaded for a peace conference. Finally, in the spring of 1765, British officials reached an accord with tribes in the Illinois Country, the final holdouts of Pontiac’s conspiracy. These agreements, coupled with the Royal Proclamation of 1763, achieved a sort of peace, but it was a temporary fix at best.

Tom Hand, creator and publisher of Americana Corner, discusses how the British put an end to Pontiac’s Rebellion, and why it still matters today.

Images courtesy of Britannica, Library of Congress, National Army Museum, Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center at the Boston Public Library, Encyclopedia Virginia, Yale University, University of Michigan Library, The New York Public Library, Wikipedia.

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Pontiac’s Rebellion Comes to an End
Pontiac’s Rebellion Comes to an End

While Colonel John Bradstreet was relieving Fort Detroit, the southern expedition under Colonel Henry Bouquet was assembling at Carlisle before moving to Fort Pitt, the jumping off point for the campaign. Bouquet’s contingent arguably had the tougher assignment, that of penetrating deep into the heartland of the Delaware and Shawnee nations where every step through the trackless forest would be observed.

British Retake Great Lakes Region
British Retake Great Lakes Region

On June 24, 1763, the schooner sent out by Major Henry Gladwyn to inform British authorities of the situation at Fort Detroit finally made it back with much needed provisions, men, and ammunition, greatly strengthening the garrison’s resolve. Four weeks later, a second relief force of twenty-two ships, commanded by Captain James Dalzell with 280 men from the 55th and 80th Regiments, arrived at Fort Detroit on July 29.

Pontiac’s War Moves East
Pontiac’s War Moves East

With the forts around the Great Lakes taken by early June 1763, Pontiac’s Rebellion moved east towards the remaining British outposts along the frontier and the settlements just beyond. The following months would bring unprecedented bloodshed to American colonists, with long term consequences to colonial expansion plans.

British Outposts Fall During Pontiac’s Rebellion
British Outposts Fall During Pontiac’s Rebellion

In mid-May 1763, Pontiac attacked Fort Detroit and initiated his grand plan to drive the British from the Great Lakes. Word soon spread to Indian villages across the region and other tribes soon followed suit. By the time Pontiac’s Rebellion ended in 1765, it would be the deadliest Indian uprising ever in North America.

The Siege of Fort Detroit
The Siege of Fort Detroit

All was set in May 1763 for an Indian uprising whose geographic extent and duration would surpass anything before or after in North America. The initial targets of Pontiac, the Indian mastermind behind the scheme, were nine British outposts, starting with Fort Detroit, the centerpiece of the region. Not coincidentally, this was the fort adjacent to Pontiac’s Ottawa village, with Potawatomi and Wyandot villages just across the Detroit River.

The Conspiracy of Pontiac
The Conspiracy of Pontiac

In the spring of 1763, following the conclusion of the French and Indian War, the Ohio Country and the Great Lakes region officially changed from French to British control. While markedly affecting the two European nations, the most significant impact fell on the Native Americans who lived in the region. Generally, these nations were unhappy with this transfer of power and worried that their way of life would be adversely affected. A charismatic Indian chieftain named Pontiac was determined to prevent this from happening.

Tom Hand
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