In October 1774, Colonel Andrew Lewis and 800 Virginia militiamen set up camp at Point Pleasant on the Ohio River, preparing to invade the Shawnee homeland. On the morning of October 10, hunters from Lewis’ party stumbled upon an encampment of 500 Shawnee warriors led by Cornstalk, their gifted chief. Despite losing the element of surprise, Cornstalk decided to attack, initially inflicting heavy casualties. Lewis then committed the bulk of his army to the fight and the tide began to turn.

In the fall of 1768, the British signed the Treaty of Hard Labour with the Cherokee and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with the Iroquois, relinquishing parts of present-day West Virginia and Kentucky to the British. Although they provided a brief respite from the violence, they were not permanent solutions. In September 1773, Daniel Boone led fifty settlers, including his entire family, into Kentucky. The group was ambushed by Shawnee warriors near the Cumberland Gap and several men, including Boone’s son James, were killed and badly mutilated. Colonists in Virginia demanded action and, in 1774, Lord Dunmore, Virginia’s Royal Governor, launched two expeditions to destroy Shawnee villages in the Ohio Country.

In October 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet moved his army west from Fort Pitt to subdue the last of Pontiac’s rebellious allies and reestablish British authority around the Great Lakes. Bouquet led his 1,500-man force through a dense wilderness that no European army had ever penetrated. Dismayed at the size of Bouquet’s force, the Shawnee hastily pleaded for a peace conference. Finally, in the spring of 1765, British officials reached an accord with tribes in the Illinois Country, the final holdouts of Pontiac’s conspiracy. These agreements, coupled with the Royal Proclamation of 1763, achieved a sort of peace, but it was a temporary fix at best.

In August 1763, England’s Board of Trade replaced General Jeffery Amherst as commander-in-chief of North America with General Thomas Gage, who hoped to crush Pontiac’s rebellion the following summer. However, Sir William Johnson, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, reminded them of the exorbitant cost in men and material required to forcefully subdue the tribes. They reluctantly gave permission to Sir William to first try and buy the peace with presents, and many proud warriors accepted Johnson’s generous terms. But the remorseless Delaware and Shawnee scorned his offers, and Gage ordered Colonel John Bradstreet to proceed to Fort Detroit via Lake Erie, destroying all villages he encountered.

In June 1763, Pontiac’s Rebellion moved east towards the remaining British outposts along the frontier and the settlements just beyond. On June 22, Delaware Chief Turtle’s Heart appeared at the gates of Fort Pitt, the keystone of the region, expressing great friendship and concern for the Brits and begging them to leave before it was too late. Captain Ecuyer, the commander, aware of Pontiac’s Rebellion, declined the offer and the Delaware warriors commenced their siege.

Following Pontiac’s attack on Fort Detroit, word quickly spread to Indian villages across the region and other tribes followed suit. On May 16, Wyandot warriors approached Fort Sandusky, on the south shore of Lake Erie, and asked to smoke a peace pipe with the commandant, Ensign Paully. Unaware of the rebellion and on friendly terms with the Wyandots, Paully opened the gates and the warriors massacred the fifteen-man garrison. Similar stories began to unfold throughout the region.

Pontiac, an Ottawa war chief, launched his rebellion in May 1763 when he attacked Fort Detroit and its 120-man garrison commanded by Major Henry Gladwyn. The uprising would be the longest and most widespread ever in North America. Pontiac’s initial targets were nine British outposts, including Fort Detroit, the centerpiece of the region. These forts were more than 100 miles apart, rendering them incapable of supporting one another, a fact not lost on Pontiac.

As a result of the French and Indian War, the Ohio Country and the land around the Great Lakes changed from French to British control in the early 1760s. Indian nations worried that their way of life would be adversely affected by this change, and a charismatic Ottawa chief named Pontiac was determined to prevent this from happening. In late 1762, Pontiac sent emissaries to tribes across the region, challenging them to join his endeavor to drive out the British.