Despite cultural differences, Spain and Americans living west of the Appalachians became natural allies in the fight against England. The welfare of both was tied to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, and both wanted the British out of the region. Over the course of the war, Spain provided loans that allowed the United States to purchase over 200 cannons, 30,000 muskets and bayonets, half a million musket balls, and 150 tons of gun powder, most of it going to support George Rogers Clark’s western army. Importantly, these supplies kept America’s fragile western war effort alive when our own Congress was helpless to send Clark any munitions.

In August 1782, Loyalist Captain William Caldwell led three hundred warriors into Kentucky and attacked Bryan’s Station. Caldwell’s men could do little against the palisaded walls of the stockade and withdrew towards the Ohio when they learned of the approach of a relief force led by Colonel John Todd and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Boone. The Kentuckians surprisingly caught up with Caldwell at a river crossing known as Lower Blue Licks, but Daniel Boone sensed an ambush. A hotheaded Major named Hugh McGary accused Boone of cowardice, jumped on his horse, and yelled for all to hear, “Them that ain’t cowards follow me.”

Lord Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington at Yorktown in October 1781, but the harsh warfare in Kentucky continued unabated. Forty-seven Kentuckians were killed or captured in the first three months of 1782, and it got worse after that. But the ruthlessness on the frontier cut both ways. In March, three hundred Pennsylvania militiamen went in search of hostiles, but only found a tribe of Christian pacifists known as the Moravian Indians. Frustrated by years of suffering at the hands of Indians, the militiamen rounded up ninety-six innocent Moravians and proceeded to tomahawk and scalp all of them, including twenty-nine women and thirty-nine children.

Since the attack on Logan’s Fort in May 1777, the settlements of Kentucky had been under constant assault by tribes north of the Ohio. In September 1778, Blackfish, a Shawnee chief, led a large contingent of warriors to Boonesboro. The siege lasted 12 days, but Daniel Boone’s efforts saved the post and Blackfish was forced to retire. In the spring of 1780, the British, in conjunction with their invasion of the southern colonies, launched an offensive to recapture the Illinois Country, but Colonel George Rogers Clark repelled that force near Cahokia on May 25. Clark’s army then crossed the Ohio in August and headed north into Shawnee territory to exact some revenge.